We are now in the third quarter of 2025 and the progress with AI and technology is faster than it's ever been before. Things are looking very concerning for younger generations as jobs are being replaced by technology and competition is increasing for the most basic of jobs leaving many people in long term unemployment. Unfortunately things are not looking any better for those in countries that do not have the right support systems like unemployment benefits. Spain has been a prime example as through recent years despite spending billions of euros annually on unemployment benefits, they have one of the fastest growing economies in the eurozone.
It's clear that unemployment benefits are a must worldwide as the labour market continues to shrink at an increasingly worrying rate. Below we have listed 100 different jobs that are very likely to be lost, or at the very least impacted, within the next 10 years to new technologies such as humanoid AI powered robots and Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). We have arranged the jobs by industries.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
- Labourers
- Bricklayers
- Masons
- Roofers
- Carpenters
- Plumbers
- Electricians
- Painters
- Drywall installers
- Tilers
- Plasterers
- Insulation installers
- Floor installers
- Demolition workers
- Welders
- Scaffolders
- Window installers
- Road workers
- Crane operators
- Excavator operators
- Bulldozer operators
- Forklift operators
- Drilling operators
- Tunnel boring operators
- Traffic controllers
Estimated workers: 200 million
FARMING INDUSTRY
26. Field labourers
27. Plow operators
28. Irrigation technicians
29. Animal feeders
30. Livestock handlers
31. Shearers
Estimated workers: 150 million
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
32. Nurses
33. General Practitioners
34. Surgeons
35. Radiologist
36. Cardiologists
37. Dentists
38. Pharmacists
39. Pharmacy technicians
40. Dieticians
41. Ambulance drivers
Estimated workers: 50 million
VEHICLE AND TRANSPORT
42. Manufacturers
43. Mechanics
44. Valets
45. Taxi drivers
46. Postal workers
47. Bus drivers
48. Truck drivers
49. Train operators
Estimated workers: 50 million
FOOD AND HOSPITALITY
50. Chefs
51. Kitchen assistants
52. Butchers
53. Waiters/Waitresses
54. Bartenders
55. Food delivery drivers
56. Packaging workers
57. Bakers 58. Fishmongers
59. Confectionary makers
60. Juice/Smoothie makers
61. Fast food workers
Estimated workers: 250 million
CLEANING AND SANITATION
62. Commercial and Residential cleaners
63. Window cleaners Website Page
64. Window cleaners
65. Laundry workers
66. Pressure washer cleaners
67. Street cleaners
68. Waste collectors
69. Landfill technicians
70. Pest control
Estimated workers: 50 million
AIRPORTS
71. Security screening officers
72. Boarding gate staff
73. Baggage handlers
74. Aircraft maintenance workers
75. Aircraft mechanics
76. Runway Inspectors
77. Pilots
78. Flight attendants
Estimated workers: 10 million
MISCELLANEOUS
79. Security guards
80. Gardeners
81. Receptionists
82. Veterinarians
83. Pet sitters
84. Nannies and Babysitters
85. Barbers and hairdressers
86. Administrative assistants
87. Fitness trainers
88. Fishermen
89. Lifeguards
90. Data entry clerks
91. Real estate agents
92. Retail cashiers
93. Call centre representatives
94. Bank tellers
95. Warehouse workers
96. Retail stock clerks
97. Customer service representatives
98. Travel agents
99. Insurance Claims Adjusters
100. Office clerks
101 Retail managers (entry-level)
Estimated workers: 300 million
TOTAL: 1.06 BILLION WORKER
This rough analysis suggests that around 1.06 billion people worldwide are employed in roles that are at risk of significant automation or replacement within the next 10 years.
This isn't speculation—this transformation is already underway. The question isn't whether these changes will happen, but whether we'll be prepared when they do.
Several influential studies give us a useful ballpark:
Frey and Osborne (2013), for example, famously estimated that nearly 47% of jobs in developed economies could be automated over the coming decades.
McKinsey and PwC have similarly indicated that many routine tasks across jobs can be automated— sometimes suggesting that 40–50% of activities may eventually be handled by machines.
If we extend these insights to the global workforce—roughly 3 billion employed people—the implication is that somewhere between 1.2 and 1.5 billion jobs could be vulnerable to automation and replacement by technologies like advanced robotics (e.g., Optimus) and AGI.
This estimate powerfully illustrates the urgency of addressing economic and social challenges, such as poverty, in a rapidly changing technological landscape.
But we must not lose hope with these new technological revolutions on the horizon. There have been many trials done worldwide for a potential solution known as Universal Basic Income (UBI). UBI is a system where people are paid regardless of their employment status. In fact Spain has had a very similar system for over four decades now and the results are incredible. In 2024 Spain spent an estimated €23.5 billion on unemployment benefits. Despite this significant expenditure which amounted to around 1.45% of the country's GDP, the economy grew by an impressive 3.2% making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the eurozone.
What does this tell us about UBI?
UBI is clearly beneficial for economies if it can be implemented correctly. Spain has certain requirements for all unemployment and welfare benefits. They also spend a lot on training and upskilling people to fill employment gaps which contributes to their thriving economy. Even with a skills gap in the construction industry estimated to be at over 700,000 (something we are looking to solve through our project work) they have remarkable economic resilience.
Government spending on UBI shouldn't be an issue going forward as governments themselves will be saving billions by harnessing the technology on the horizon. Also businesses which replace staff with AI, who themselves are saving billions too, can be taxed heavier for using AI over human employees. This will avoid even more wealth inequality (another growing problem worldwide) while contributing to society to help fund all the UBI payments.
I tend to think very long-term and it is a weakness of mine at times, but I think the future is brighter than our present world's state. Not only will poverty cease to exist by 2035 but humanity will finally be free from the struggles of the rat race. The future I envision is one where governments use technology to automate food production, making food free for everyone, among many other things. Potable water and electricity solutions could also be provided by the government at extraordinary low costs thanks to technology automating and replacing human labour in these fields too.
Should we be worried about the upcoming AI revolution?
The answer here depends on one simple factor; if your government is preparing for the upcoming mass job displacement or not.
It's that simple, if your government is not preparing to help you overcome mass job layoffs and widespread unemployment then you must do something to get them to prepare. The first step to do this is by changing the education system to encourage more creativity and innovation. The current public school system is almost obsolete because of this new AI revolution. Young people are spending years learning a career to then have those jobs replaced by AI and become unemployed. Even worse the job market is becoming too competitive, which has led to entry level jobs requiring years of experience and this new disastrous chicken and egg situation.
When I went to secondary school, or high school for those in America, I was taught a wide range or very specific subjects which have served me no purpose in the real world. These subjects included drama, art, biology, chemistry, physics and religion (mainly Christianity). I decided I didn't want to go through further education, like A levels and University, and decided to start employment instead. Not long after I began to realise just how useless all of those subjects where in helping me land a job, start my own business or for navigating life in general.
Millions across the world are finally now starting to open their eyes and see that the education system has not evolved with the rest of the world. It is an outdated model which was used to produce obedient workers who would not question things but instead follow set career paths designed to benefit factory owners.
Why the education system is outdated
As mentioned, the AI revolution is creating widespread unemployment by creating cheaper and more efficient work for business owners. This means that business can earn more profits by reducing costs and amplifying productivity.
Now because of all this it means that the career paths which the education system encourages you to follow are being lost one by one. So this spells danger for a current student who embarks on a career path of 3+ years. There is no longer any guarantee that after all their efforts that they will be able to find a job placement after they graduate and possibly need to work as an intern to gain enough experience to even qualify for a paid job.
Even more concerning is that the education system does not promote creativity and innovation. It doesn't even promote entrepreneurship nearly enough as it should. School fails to teach people that there is not an abundance of jobs, neither are jobs created from thin air. Entrepreneurs are the backbone of society. If it wasn't for those who create businesses, all kinds from family run businesses to empires like Amazon, around 80% of jobs worldwide would simply not exist!
What improvements can the education system include?
For starters, about 70% of what is currently being taught could be removed as waste. These are the subjects I mentioned earlier which are very specific subjects for very specific jobs. Now I am not saying that those subjects should not be taught, I just believe that they should be reserved for people who want to follow those career paths and not forced onto every young student regardless of their interests.
Instead of teaching those subjects mentioned earlier in secondary school, they should only be introduced. What the education system also fails to teach is that although a person might like the subject, they might not like the work that a person in that field does. For example many people have an interest of becoming doctors and other medical professionals, only for them to get a job as a doctor after years of hard work studying and then hate their career choice. Long shifts and late nights are not shown in biology classes. This is why career fairs are very important and should not only be held more frequently but also be a mandatory part of the education system, not optional.
There are other very important subjects which should replace those mentioned above. These include entrepreneurship, sales, investing and personal finances, psychology and politics. All of these topics benefit absolutely everyone unlike the other topics mentioned earlier, and let me explain how.
Entrepreneurship - Without entrepreneurs there are no jobs. If this revolution is going to remove jobs, one way we can prevent widespread poverty is by creating new innovators and leaders who will create more jobs for others.
Sales - This is a general life skill. Sales is used in CV building and interview skills. Entrepreneurs also need to learn sales to effectively pitch to investors and sell their products or services.
Investing and personal finance - Name me one person who would prefer working a 9-5 for 40+ years over an early retirement where their money works for them. If people are not taught how to invest effectively or manage their personal finances then they are set up for a life of debt and poverty. Something as simple as teaching people to invest in the S&P 500 each month (which has a record of rewarding 10% annual returns for those unaware) could help people save up for a very comfortable retirement.
Psychology - Mental health issues have never been as significant as they are today. As of 2024, approximately 1 in 8 people worldwide (about 970 million individuals) live with a mental disorder. By learning psychology and increasing your emotional intelligence (EQ) you become more resilient and capable of confronting the adversities that life will throw at you. This is practically what therapists do, they teach you certain concepts to help you overcome your problems, so why not teach this in school to improve the lives of billions? Psychology actually plays a significant role in sales too, so it will compliment sales studies. If these reasons aren't enough for you to accept the need for psychology classes, what if I told you that every successful business psychology to operate successfully? Yes I'm talking about marketing, a vital part of any business.
Politics - I shouldn't even need to explain this one. In any democratic country politics should be taught to a basic degree. Do you know why this is important? Because if you're not aware that collectively you have more power over politics than the actual politicians themselves (who are meant to enforce policies in the interests of the community above all else), you give politicians the power to abuse their positions. This is why unfortunately in my country, Gibraltar, we have a very saddening situation with housing. People do not come together to speak up about bad governance in this area and in return pay the price of ridiculously large rents or are forced to live outside of the country in Spain as is my case. But since people are not aware of the power they hold, politicians get to dictate as they please.
The window for proactive change is closing. Every month we delay education reform, another cohort of students enters an obsolete system.
What can we do about all of this?
If you asked this question then I have good news for you. We can start off by getting governments to begin changing the education system. You can help with that by signing our petition here [INCLUDE LINK]. Additionally if you are from the UK please sign this one too so that we can get parliament to discuss this very important topic [INCLUDE OTHER LINK]. Thousands are already demanding change but we must unify our voices if we are to achieve any results.
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